Cinema in the Age of Digital Revolution.

The third industrial revolution that is the digital revolution is a transformation from analog to digital technology. It is the beginning of the information age. Digitalization has gone to such an extent that there is shift to a digital film stock. Interactivity is another concept brought to forefront. There are positive as well as negative impacts on the society at large. Digitalization has made the art of film making more accessible.DVD releasing and internet streaming are frequent mode of exhibition. A new technology known as DIT came up with huge market demand.

Development of hearing in vertebrates with special reference to anuran acoustic communication.

Amphibians, specially anurans, are excellent model systems for studying acoustic communication. After hatching, anurans exist in two forms; these have two distinct mode of sound perception. Aquatic larvae are perceptive to waterborne sound stimuli; then, following metamorphosis, as terrestrial adults, perceptive to airborne sound stimuli. Added to this, the metamorphosing tadpole presents an equally interesting study as it could recapitulate the events which occurred during the evolution of hearing in vertebrates at the lime of the transition from aquatic to terrestrial life. Metamorphosis entails the loss of a prominent aquatic sensory system—the lateral line system—and the simultaneous gain of another, the inner ear, along with the coevolution of the tympanic middle ear, a basilar papilla and a periotic labyrinth in the inner ear. Another interesting feature is that anurans are believed to be the first terrestrial vertebrates to use vocalization as a part of their reproductive behaviour. Vocal communication plays an important role in behaviour, ranging from territorial defense to reproduction, and calls are classified according to the particular behaviors that they subserve. Adult male anurans produce a species-specific mating call which is used to attract conspecific females dung their mating season, and this call serves as a mechanism in maintaining reproductive isolation from other sympatric species.

Bioacoustic analysis of frog calls from northeast India.

Mating calls of three frog species abundant in northeast India Rana tigerina, Rana cyanophlyctis and Rana limnocharis were recorded in the fields of Assam and Meghalaya during their breeding season (July-August, 1991). The calls were analysed for their temporal and spectral characters. They were species specific, with distinct call duration and call period, number of pulses per call and interpulse interval, and dominant frequency and frequency domain. A comparison of the mating calls of Rana cyanophlyctis with those of the sibling Rana ehrenbergi from Yemen showed differences in their temporal and spectral characters, supporting the suggestion that these two species are distinct species, rather than subspecies of the same species. Differences in the temporal and spectral pattern were found in the mating calls of morphologically alike specimens of Rana limnocharis, indicating that the present morphotype Rana limnocharis in northeast India is composed of several species.